Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a big challenge for public health in the Republic of Moldova, with an incidence recored on the third place among high TB-burden countries. Pneumonia is a distinct nosologic entity included in the frame of respiratory pathologies with an impact on public health, showing a high risk for a poor outcome. Material and methods: The conducted study was retrospecitive, selective and descriptive realised on a sample of 194 patients (study group – 125 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and reference group – 65 patients with community acquired pneumonia). Results: It was established that younger age, urban overcrowding, harmful habits, disadvantageous economic status, sigle matrmonial status, epidemiological high risk conditions characterized patients with tuberculous pulmonary infiltrate. Old age, comorbidities, reduced availability of highly qualified medical care, characterized patients with non-specific pulmonary infiltrate. Conclusions: Complex approach to patients with pulmonary infiltrative opacities, indivudalised according to social, demographic, epidemiological and biological features must be performed appropriately, considering the severity of the epidemiogical situation of tuberculosis in the Republic of Moldova.