The creation of MASSR on 12 October 1924 within the Ukrainian SSR marked the implementation of the project to build a new “Moldovan” identity and culture, distinct from Romanian identity and culture. The stake of this project was to provide a political and cultural basis for the detachment from Romania of part of its territory, the expansion of the so-called “Soviet Moldavian” Nation from MASSR to Bessarabia. Despite the policy of “cultural egalitarianism” in the 1920-30s, the Bolshevik authorities have promoted in MASSR, in comparison to other Soviet republics, a special ethnocultural policy, determined first of all by the aims of the policy of expanding of the proletarian revolution and Sovietization of Bessarabia. Recent researches show that this identity construction project had generated fierce discussions even amongst the initiators of the creation of this entity. The deployment of the project had seen several zigzags according to the political line of the USSR from one stage to the next. Thus, in the years 1924 - 1930, the development of a new “Moldovan” language was envisaged on the basis of the local idiom on the left bank of the Dniester, “enriched” with Russian and Ukrainian words. Also, the policy of “Moldovanization” and “indigenization” was initiated in the administration, culture and education institutions. At the beginning of the 1930s, in the context of the shift in the Soviet political priorities, the transition to the Latin alphabet was ordered, and in the late 1930s, for the same reasons, the Russian language was replaced. The attempt to create, from the Soviet expansionist intentions, of the “Moldovan” nation with a language and culture, distinct from Romanian language and culture, failed in a bloodbath. The Stalinist terror in RASSM in the summer of 1937 and the end of 1938 resulted in the quasitotal decapitation of the political and cultural elites that contributed to the creation of the RASSM, and initiated the linguistic and ethnocultural experiment on the left bank of the Dniester River.