Children deprived of their family environment exist in all societies. In Moldova during the Soviet era the phenomenon was strictly controlled by the state through specific instruments, which were characteristic to the time. The independence (1991) and the transition to a democratic system of governance brought about modernization of the regulatory framework and of the instruments used to ensure respect for children's rights, including the right to grow and be educated in a family. At the same time, new social phenomena appeared which prevented the realization of these rights such as: parents migration for work abroad which generated a new type of child abandonment - children left behind and everything which results from it as vagrancy, drugs consumption, involvement in criminal acts; poverty (Moldova has the lowest standard of living in Europe) which causes separation from the family at an early age; a poor budget, which limits the ability of authorities to ensure effective protection of children without parental care, etc. The European course, which was stated by our country, imposes new rigors of ensuring children's rights through the standards and principles the EU and other international bodies concerned with ensuring of the rights of the child.