In this paper we aim to make a comparative analysis of the Romanian and Moldavian probation systems, starting from the existing legislative and institutional framework, and how these frameworks are reflected in the scientific literature in the two countries. Both in the normative and institutional frameworks between the two countries, there are more similarities, which consist in introducing the probation among the professions in the judicial system, which makes the professionals enjoy a high prestige in the assistant professions and counselee. In both countries, probation is still a profession related to the social assistant, although it is autonomous towards this at the level of the actual practices and institutional structures that serve the probation system. The probation system has, in addition to the advisory and assistant duties, a punitive dimension that puts its mark on the specificity of probation counseling.