In the article are presented the literal references devoted to theoretical investigations of phase changes in biological membranes at the cryopreservation process, also the development and new experimental methods application in studying different physico-chemical manifestations that are reflected by such type of devices. Lowering the temperature causes the phase of reorganization of biological membranes. Dehydration of cells in the process of phase transition is accompanied by the deformation of biological membranes. The result of phase transitions in biological membranes there is a migration, aggregation, translocation, and other types of movement protein components. Low temperatures lead to destabilization of membrane structures, causing activation of peroxidation and changes in lipid composition, and this affects the functional state of cells. Own protective functions of the gametes aimed at the stabilization of lipids and lipid processes in the low-temperatures zone can be sufficiently manifested in conditions of purposeful regulation of them from the outside.