The paper aims to present the state of sustainable development of agricultural sector from the Republic of Moldova in the context of the urbanization and migration processes challenges. The research method is to compare indicators of economic and social development in the urban and rural areas over the past decade. The study relies on statistical data received from the National Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of Moldova. There are two main dimensions of the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The first there are the urbanization challenges and population migration from rural areas. The second concerns the inneficient use of natural resources and capital formed in the rural area. Evaluation of sustainability of agriculture in Moldova has a particular importance, since it will help to create preconditions for implementation of reforms in the country’s economy. Further research should be focused on identifying patterns of sustainable development in rural areas.