The study examines the global economic efficiency in the agriculture of Romania and Moldova for the period 2014-2021. To assess the economic efficiency, the output-input analysis method was used. Global economic efficiency is analyzed through the resulting value indicators: gross added value, the value of intermediate consumption, the evolution of producers' incomes, gross fixed capital formation, net fixed capital formation, as well as labor productivity. The results of the analyzes show that the agricultural sectors in the two countries reach different levels of efficiency, especially those in Moldova, and that the main factors that influence the level of global economic efficiency, corresponding to the analyzed output indicators, are: production yields, intermediate consumption, input prices and outputs, the level of technological development, salary income, labor force, inflation, weather conditions, etc. The major findings showed that the agricultural sector in the two countries faces similar major challenges, what differs is the size and economic size of agrarian production structures and that agricultural activity takes place in different political environments.