Archaeological research of the historical past of Chișinău, unlike other places in the area between the rivers of Prut and Dniester, previously has been neglected. The first archaeological investigations in Chișinău were carried out only in 2009-2010 and in 2012 in the framework of the rescue and observational activities in areas having archaeological potential. Excavations in the Chișinău points of Valea Morilor, Măzărache Hill, and Piaţa Veche led to the discovery of important artifacts belonging to different historical periods. Thus, in Valea Morilor from 2009 to 2010 there were investigated a Paleolithic site and two Chalcolithic settlements laying one over another: the first belongs to Pre-Cucuteni-Tripolie A culture, the Pre-Cucuteni III stage (early 5th millennium BC) and the second belongs to Cucuteni-Tripolie culture, the Tripolie BII stage (mid5th millennium BC), both of them represented by several dwelling complexes, household annexes and also a rich archaeological material. Among these artifacts there were found vessels with grooved and incised decoration or rough red painting, anthropomorphic figurines, a small ritual altar and working tools made of stone or flint. The Bronze Age is represented by the household complexes with coarse pottery of the Noua culture and the Thracian Hallstatt period (Chișinău-Corlăteni culture – 12th-10th centuries BC) is represented by a household pit with fine or coarse pottery with grooved ornament, spindle-whorls, and animal bones. The Roman period is represented by a settlement of the Sântana de Mureș-Cernjahov culture dated from the 3rd-4th centuries AD, with wheel-made pottery of local origin and fragments of Roman amphorae, fibulae, beads, etc. The medieval period is represented by three dwellings half-deepened in the ground, having stone ovens typical of the time, in which there were identified ceramic artifacts modeled by hands and by means of a slow speed wheel, ornamented with incised decoration in the form of wavy lines belonging to the Lozna-Hansca-Doșeti culture of the 7th-8th centuries AD. On the Colina Măzărache (Măzărache Hill) situated in the historical center of Chișinău in 2010 there were discovered materials belonging to the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, as well as medieval pottery of the 11th-13th centuries belonging to the Răducăneni culture. The most important materials were discovered near the Măzărache Church. There has been researched the old cemetery of the village of Chișinău, which was firstly mentioned in written sources in 1436 and obtained the privilege of the fair between 1661 and 1665. It was found that in the 52 graves the dead were buried by Christian burial rites. In several graves there were discovered rings, earrings or coins. It seems that a ditch having a depth of 4.5 m and a width at the top of 5.0 m, identified in the southern part of the hill, separated the Măzărache plateau with the cemetery and the church from the inhabited area of the settlement. At the foot of the Măzărache Hill there was identified a surface dwelling with stone cellar dated from the 16th-17th centuries and elements of the urban water supply of the late 19th century. Important materials there were investigated in 2012 in the point of Piaţa Veche (Old Market Square) in the hearth of medieval and pre-modern settlement. There were investigated a half-deepened in the ground structure for household purpose; a surface dwelling with log walls, with a craft kiln attached; a surface dwelling with stone foundation, endowed with stove plated with tiles, dated the 17th century – beginning of the 18th century; vaulted stone cellars dated the 18th-19th centuries. Researching archaeological sites and materials found in the old center of Chișinău and surrounding areas allowed to reconstruct some aspects of economic, social and cultural development of human communities that lived in the central part of the Prut-Dniester region from ancient times to the Middle Ages and pre-modern period.