The article highlights the fact that the mythological age is, historically, inevitable, as a semantic polysemy of the language, as a metaphor, an allegory, a paranomy, i.e. a “disease” of the soul and “language”. The idea is argued that mythological thinking as a symbolic form, awakens the cognitive and aesthetic fantasy of man, the allegorical, empirical perception of reality. Later, philosophy, oriented towards theoretical knowledge, appropriate to objective reality, will reorganize thinking by applying logical structures to language and, thus, will make it possible to know scientific truth. Comparatively, the specifics and stages of the evolution of mythological thinking and logical thinking, their historical role in the evolution of knowledge, education and self-knowledge of man as a social, rational and moral being are examined.