In this work, the physical and chemical bases of optimization of structure and the adsorptive properties of sorbents in modern sorption technologies, including deep (high) cleaning and division of substances are generalized. It is considered mathematical model of process of formation of micropores structure at various physical and chemical impacts on carbon at its gasification, allowing predicting dynamics of change of geometrical characteristics of micropores and the adsorptive properties of carbon adsorbents. It is supposed to consider: modeling of dense packings of molecules of an adsorbate with various physical and chemical properties at limit adsorption and correlation of parameters of real and model systems; prediction of change of parameters of microporous structure and the adsorptive properties of the active carbons (AC) in the course of their progressing activation. Operability of the proposed model of development at activation of microporous structure of AC, allows: to characterize quantitatively distinctions in degree of development of system of micropores of the carbonizate materials from various raw materials and AC on their basis; to predict dynamics of change at activation of parameters of microporous structure and the AC adsorptive properties; to estimate the gasification limits which excess leads to destruction of structure of micropores; to define suitability of a carbonizate material for receiving AC with demanded adsorptive properties and to find optimum sizes of development of microporosity. Possibility of prediction of adsorption of various vapors on nonporous and the wideporous adsorbents with energetically non-uniform surface on the basis of the minimum experimental material will be shown. The accounting of differences in adsorption processes on nonporous and microporous sorbents leads to the most significant results in that area where defects of traditional methods of the description of the adsorptive equilibrium are most notable. The two-parametrical equation of multilayered adsorption obtined by authors describes the adsorptive balance practically in all area mono - and the polymolecular adsorption which has not been complicated by capillary condensation, specific adsorption or adsorption in micropores. In the presence of micropores and specific interactions of an adsorbate with a surface equation application in polymolecular area allows characterizing a surface and porosity of adsorbents on various adsorbates without attraction of data on "standard" isotherms of adsorption that significantly expands opportunities and the importance of the adsorptive methods of research. Practical application of the developed approach will be shown on the example of synthesis ashless, is unique high-strength carbon adsorbents with a spheroidal form of the particles received on essentially new technology from synthetic raw materials – furfural and the active coals received on the basis of condensed vegetable raw materials. Aspects of application of sorbents in perspective technologies of medicine, for receiving catalysts, pure and especially pure, reactants, in a chromatography will be considered in the analysis of dioxine, in adsorption processes in fluidized and moving layers and in some other processes where high purity and high adsorptive activity have to be combined with the high mechanical durability of adsorbent.