In this article we try to analyze the essence of the economic liberty in actual period when national economy passes through a long, very difficult and complicated period from the centralized planning economy to market economy. In these conditions the economic liberty is determined by the private property which reproduces the private work and vice versa. Employer (proprietor of means of production) on his risk, fear and responsibilities decides what to produce, how to do it (by what technologies and techniques) and how much to produce. It means that the proprietor freely of his own choice selected the type and volume of the economic activity. But the economic liberty is limited by the divided market between different economic groups which sell their goods and services on prices determined in advance. In the absence of a real economic freedom on the market, dominated and operated by the economic laws and firstly by the law of demand and supply, free competition between commodities’ producers which have decisive importance on price reduction, we may underline that the economy of the Republic of Moldova is still not a market economy, in a classical significance. It continues to be in a transition period. Production sector from national economy from 1991 up to present is diminishing. The potential of export also decreases.