Potato is one of the main strategic crops that form the basis of Ukraine's food security. The potato gene pool collected in the National Bank of Plant Genetic Resources of Ukraine includes 3,719 specimens of 70 botanical species (2 domestic and 68 related wild ones). To effectively work with it, the following stages have been outlined: 1) introduction and quarantine inspection; 2) ex situ preservation of the genetic authenticity of the potato collection; 3) comprehensive studies of the collection under the soil and climatic conditions of Ukraine; 4) selection of valuable sources of economically valuable features; 5) formation of different collections: basic, core, genetic, educational, doublet; and trait, the latter are categorized as special and working; 6) compilation of a pedigree database; 7) management of the "Plant Gene Pool" information system (IS); 8) provision of breeding, research and educational programs with valuable potato specimens and various collections. Basing on results of multi-year research and aiming at targeted involvement and optimization of the qualitative and quantitative composition of the Plant Gene Bank of Ukraine, we have built up and certifiably registered the following items: 40 valuable unique potato accessions, a potato pedigree database for 301 accessions from 18 countries, and 6 different collections, viz. collection by yield capacity comprising 46 accessions from 8 countries; reference collection for starch content and technological characteristics consisting of 61 accessions from 5 countries; working reference collection for large tubers consisting of 121 accessions from 16 countries; working reference collection for resistance to viral diseases, which includes 31 accessions from 7 countries; and a reference collection by distinctness features comprising 568 accessions from 15 countries. The above-mentioned collections and valuable specimens of the potato gene pool are a concentrated reserve of valuable genes, the material and intellectual assets of the people of Ukraine, and they need to be preserved in a highly viable state and genetic authenticity.