Introduction. Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is defined as a dental conservative treatment strategy that aims to preserve the vitality and functionality of the pulp tissue that has been compromised but not destroyed by caries, trauma or restorative procedures. Direct pulp capping is defined as the application of a material with odontotropic effect over an exposed vital pulp in order to facilitate the formation of reparative dentin and maintain the vitality of the pulp. The group of calcium silicate cements is a modern group of dental materials and it is widely used in the vital pulp therapy, showing better clinical results than other groups of curative dental materials. Material and methods. In this study we analyzed the properties, advantages and drawbacks of several types of calcium silicate cements and emphasized on their clinical application and long-term results. It was designed a randomized clinical trial comparing 2 types of calcium silicate cements (mineral-trioxide aggregate and calcium trisilicate) with self-curing calcium hydroxide for direct pulp capping treatment. Results. The follow ups where conducted at 6 and 12 months after the treatment. The parameters analyzed where as follows: patient`s pain perception, dynamics of the electroodontometry values after treatment, the thickness of the newly formed dentinal bridge. Conclusions. Due to the good handling properties and excellent clinical results calcium silicate cements are recommended to be more often used in vital pulp therapy.