Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability in modern countries. Clinical manifestation of stroke is rapidly developing loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. Neuroplasticity, also known as cortical mapping, challenges the idea that brain functions are fixed in certain time. Neuroplasticity can act through two possible mechanisms on stroke disability-prevention and treatment of neurological deficit. Post-stroke recovery is based on plastic changes in the central nervous system that can compensate the loss of activity in affected brain regions. In particular, monohemispheric stroke is thought to result in disinhibition of the contralesional unaffected hemisphere. Neurorehabilitation programs improve function partly by enhancing cortical reorganization. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive way of producing potent changes in cortical excitability. Therefore, the application of rTMS is proposed to promote functional recovery in stroke patients, owing to the induced neuroplasticity. Functional recovery might be obtained either when rTMS is applied at low-frequency (around 1 Hz) over the disinhibited, unaffected hemisphere in order to restore defective inhibition or when rTMS is applied at highfrequency (5 Hz or more) over the affected hemisphere in order to reactivate hypoactive regions. Therefore, in the, acute or recent stroke might be a major indication of rTMS in neurological practice. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has opened a new field of investigation of the neural circuitry, and is developing into a therapeutic tool.