The aim of the study was to study the adaptive ability of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed first-calf cows under the conditions of LLC "Kolos-2011". It was found that in animals with a dairy yield of 6168 kg, the reproductive capacity coefficient was low (0.873), and the adaptation index had a negative value (-8.2), which indicates an imbalance between the environment and the cows' body. The distribution of first-calf heifers into groups with different levels of the adaptation index made it possible to identify individuals that, under certain conditions of feeding and keeping, combine a sufficiently high level of dairy productivity and reproductive capacity. Thus, 25.5% of cows from the total studied livestock had dairy yield at the level of 5945-6269 kg and a reproductive capacity coefficient of 0.996-1.066 in the first lactation, which was the best ratio of these economically useful traits. When determining the degree of genetic and paratipical factors influence on economically useful traits and the adaptation index, the indicators of the greatest and most reliable influence of sire bulls (13.2-57.2%) and the year of the first calving (5.7-59.8%) were established for first-calf cows.