Semantics of internationalisms in the term-forming process
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DROBKO, Natalia. Semantics of internationalisms in the term-forming process. In: Calitatea formării specialiştilor în învăţământul superior:: strategii, forme, metode, 5-7 octombrie 2005, Bălţi. Chișinău, Republica Moldova: Tipografia Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, 2005, pp. 133-136. ISBN 9975-931-97-9.
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Calitatea formării specialiştilor în învăţământul superior: 2005
Conferința "Calitatea formării specialiştilor în învăţământul superior:strategii, forme, metode"
Bălţi, Moldova, 5-7 octombrie 2005

Semantics of internationalisms in the term-forming process


Pag. 133-136

Drobko Natalia
 
Yuriy Fedkovych National University of Chernivtsi
 
 
Disponibil în IBN: 10 august 2019


Rezumat

There are no languages, which develop in absolute isolation. Any language has an international influence or even influences other languages [4, 255]. It provides not only cultural exchange, but also exchange of words. That’s why the appearance of internationalisms in a language is the usual thing nowadays, taking into consideration the fast tempos of cultural, technical and economic development. International words help to enrich vocabulary of the language and serve for overcoming a language barrier.Nonetheless, sometimes an obstruction of the language takes place: very often international terms are incomprehensible for language speakers and the usage of native terms is more expedient. Internationalization of vocabulary must develop discounting the principle lexical funds of the national languages and taking into consideration their peculiarities. The importance of internationalisms is based on the fact, that there can’t be any development of a science without international words. Besides, international and interlingual contacts are obligatory accompanied by the usage of loan words. It is followed by the fact, that efforts of many scientists are unified and cooperated for professional communication and the exchange of experience, which is very effective for the development of the science of every country in particular. If a single language is taken, it is difficult to detach internationalisms as a separate category, because in one language this category doesn’t exist. So, it is possible to say, that internationalism is the word, which fully or partially preserves its inner and outer form at least in three unrelated languages. These are words or word-combinations, which belong to common by appearance of funds languages, similar to their origin or alike due to their cultural development. The question about the international and national in the termforming process is connected first of all with the problem of criteria, which set the notion of international and distinguish international words from simple national borrowings. While talking about the terms’ internationality it is necessary to pay attention not only to the pronunciation or spelling of sighs, but also to their “inner” form, in other words motivation of internationalisms. There are three types of motivation, which play an important role in the term-forming process. They are as follows: 1. phonetic (a straight connection of spelling with meaning); 2. morphologic (word-building structure of complex and compound words); 3. semantic (synchronically felt transmission of meaning in the frames of polysemantic word). The linguists of many countries are still interested to know, whether every international term can be an internationalism. There is no an exact answer to this question, because different scientists give different definitions. Some of them say that internationalisms must be borrowed directly from some source or by means of another language; some dispute this fact [1, 3]. But the majority of them agree that the words are considered to be internationalisms if they coincide in unrelated languages. We can’t tell that internationalisms are the elements of a single language, because their international character will be denied. But at the same time this character will be deputed if we consider them as foreign components of the given language, because international can’t be alien. There are two main principles of internationalisms’ classification: a) according to the way of borrowing; b) according to the choice of borrowing’s source. To A.S. Diakov opinion “according to the way of borrowing all internationalisms can be divided into words with similar inner and outer form and terms with only similar inner or outer form” [3, 129]. So we can distinguish the following types of internationalisms: a) absolute internationalisms (have similar inner and outer form); b) quasiinternationalisms (have similar motivation, but different outer form); c) pseudointernationalisms (have similar only outer form). According to the choice of borrowing’s source internationalisms are divided depending on their etymology: either internationalisms of classic origin (taken from the dead classic languages – Latin, old Greek, Arabic, Sanskrit etc.), for example: lat. apparatus, complex, expert, reaction and gr. agony, basis, organ, symbol and internationalisms of national origin (words from alive languages, which became internationalisms), such as fr. partner, extravagant, diamond, germ. protest etc. There is also one more principle of internationalisms’ classification: according to the level of meanings’ correspondence. So we can divide all international terms into complete (words, which fully coincide in meanings) and partial (which have several non-international meanings, beside one international). Scheme. Classification of Internationalisms. Classification of Internationalisms according to according to according the way of the level of meanings’ to the choice of borrowing correspondence borrowing’s source absolute quazi pseudo complete partial classic national While investigating the semantics of internationalisms an important question is connected with the methods of their studying. They are as follows: 1) aerial method;2) synchronically comparative; 3) methods of analysis of individual speaking under the conditions of two or more language speaking [2, 105]. Terminology of every language develops in the narrow contact with the international environment, that’s why it is necessary to use the world’s cultural achievements together with native. It is important to understand that both purism and borrowings have their advantages and deficiencies. So we must use in our practice elements of internationalization together with national elements.