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SM ISO690:2012 MICHAŁOWSKI, Andrzej, TESKA, Milena. Formation of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age cultural model in Wielkopolska. In: Plural. History, Culture, Society, 2017, nr. 2, pp. 75-100. ISSN 2345-1262. |
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Plural. History, Culture, Society | ||||||
Numărul 2 / 2017 / ISSN 2345-1262 /ISSNe 2345-184X | ||||||
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CZU: 903'1(438) | ||||||
Pag. 75-100 | ||||||
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The start of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age was the time of a transformation of the communities residing in this region into a new civilizational quality that was radically different from the quality of the preceding period. In the interior of the continent, a certain “Celt fashion” could be noticed, which was manifested in adaptation of patterns of both material culture and, most likely, elements of Celtic rites. Its course appears to be the key to the understanding of the transformations taking place in Wielkopolska at the turn of the 2nd century B.C. In older literature, the origins of the changes taking place at that time were linked to the transformation of the community of the Pomeranian (WejcherowoKrotoszyn) culture as a result of influence of strong Celtic currents that resulted in formation of a new group typical of cultural currents of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age, namely of the Przeworsk culture. Currently we know that the issue is not quite as simple and unequivocal. In order to understand the complexity of the cultural situation of Central Europe at the threshold of its La Tenization, one must go back to the time of formation of the local model of civilization of the Iron Age and of formation of cultures that individually adapted the Hallstatt cultural model. In presentday Poland, these changes were described in the literature as the Pomeranian culture. In the archeological materials, the changes taking place at that time were manifested most of all in the changes in the funeral rites and in the new style of pottery forms, present mostly in funeral groups and, in the case of the post-Nordic zone, also in introduction of production of iron based on Hallstatt traditions. This is probably the cause of the similarities between the Pomeranian culture and the central and northern German zone and partly the Scandinavian zone. At that time, a new universal civilizational stream was born that influenced a majority of the territories of Central and Northern Europe and became an alternative model to the ineffective southern civilizational pattern. In the case of the territory of the present-day Poland, the distinctiveness of the Pomeranian culture has traditionally been defined by comparing its “genetic code” to that of the Lusatian culture. The similarity to the pottery of the older culture resulted in parts from the materials being connected in a kind of a LusatianPomeranian horizon. The identity of the younger of the two groups was built on the comparison of the groups. On the other hand, attempts have been made to capture the typological relations between pottery of the Pomeranian culture and the forms of the Przeworsk culture that followed it, which has not been convincingly achieved despite all the efforts. This has certainly been due to the limited understanding of the youngest development phase of the Pomeranian culture and, consequently, the lack of knowledge of the youngest ceramic forms typical of that culture, which should actually be the basis for comparisons with pottery typical of the Przeworsk culture. The complexity and ambiguity of the contacts between the Pomeranian culture and the Przeworsk culture is illustrated by the coexistence of the sites typical of settlements of both cultures. This demonstrates the difficulty with determination of the actual time sequence of individual cultural units from the turn of the older and younger Pre-Roman Iron Age and, consequently, with definition of the actual cultural situation of the turn of the 2nd century B.C. In the case of Wielkopolska, it is possible that phenomena typical of the Pomeranian Culture could continue until phase A2 of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age, thus, theoretically, until the period of existence of the Przeworsk culture in the region. As a result, we are currently unable to identify the extent to which the changes of the cultural face of Wielkopolska at that time were linked significantly – as has been assumed so far – to the process of La Tenization of the population of the Pomeranian Culture, which caused its transformation into the younger Pre-Roman scheme, i.e. the Przeworsk culture. We have to ask the following question: Is this not a different process, i.e. appearance close to the residents of the region of groups of newcomers who brought their cultural patterns, which were clearly La Tenized and, consequently, to what extent the different cultures interacted at that time in Wielkopolska as a result of the extensive migration processes taking place in that period in Europe? At the same time, the problem that becomes important is that of the youngest phase of the Pomeranian culture, during which the process could have taken place of its stylistic transformation into the phenomenon that, given our current knowledge, is interpreted as a broad entry into Wielkopolska of populations from areas of the Jastorf culture. The ensuing problem is the presence of the Jastorf Culture as another component of the cultural space of Wielkopolska at the end of the older and the start of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age and the real relationship between those cultures and the Przeworsk culture. The sudden formation of the latter cultural unit and its nature, which is different from the local substrate, and the lack of clear links to the older settlement network make it possible to conclude that the Przeworsk culture is a phenomenon that brought with it a new, expansive substrate. During the 2nd century B.C., certainly thanks to its freshness and attractiveness, this cultural pattern was quickly adopted in significant areas that until then were covered by “post-Hallstatt” settlements of communities of the Pomeranian culture. The materials dated to the end of the older Pre-Roman Iron Age and the start of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age, which show similarities with the Jastorf culture, appear to constitute the key element for the illustration of the real image of the changes taking place then. They can indicate whether at that time different groups from distant lands appeared in the region and brought their culture or, instead, only internal changes of the local formations took place in the broad stream of supraregional stylistic changes. Because the nature of metal forms can often be intercultural and appear in a broader regional spectrum, pottery becomes the basic source indicating continuation or discontinuation of certain traditions. Pottery was produced using the skills and knowledge of its makers, which were the product of a certain tradition – a school. This is evident in the technologies used to make them. Thus, the differences in the process of preparation of clay and in the method of pottery firing are characteristic of and different for different pottery-making traditions, which are interpreted nowadays in the context of determinants of archeological cultures. We assume that by finding and describing this standard, one can perform cultural identification of the pottery materials found within specific sites. The multi-aspect examinations of remains of pottery from the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age may become the key to the development of a tool for better differentiation between the production traditions, in the context of their cultural variability, and thus may answer the question concerning the possible cultural transfer of technological partners and, consequently, concerning the continuity/ discontinuity of the changes taking place in the pottery traditions of individual makers. We hope that this will surely lead to a complete answer to the question asked in this document: How was the society of the younger Pre-Roman Iron Age form in Wielkopolska? |
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Cuvinte-cheie pre-roman Iron Age, Przeworsk culture, Jastorf culture, cultural change, Wielkopolska, Pomeranian culture, pottery studies |
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