In dental morphology, a special attention is provided to non-metric characters. They are the result of processes of dental morphogenesis, being regulated by the individual genome, making them a reliable indicator of the affinities between different current or past human populations. The present study is a descriptive one, aimed to the evaluation of prevalence and frequencies of non-metric characters on the permanent low-er second molar (M2) in a late medieval human population (17th century). The dental sample (70 molars of males and females) come from skeletons recovered in 2008 from the “Curtea Domnească” necropolis of Iaşi, Roma-nia. The study is based on the Arizona State University Dental Anthropo-logical System (ASUDAS) – a reference system for data collection on the morphology and variation of human teeth. The non-metric characters noted for the dental sample were: enamel extension, distal trigonid crest, anterior fovea, groove pattern and number of cusps. Descriptive analysis was performed for each non-metric character, including the frequency of occurrence, and its degree of expression (scor-ing). The high prevalence of "4 cusp" and "+" groove patterns, as well as the low frequencies of the cusp 5 defined the investigated dental sample. Some of the non-metric trait frequencies also exhibited sexual dimorphism (i.e.,groove patterns; the chi square test, χ2 = 6.1; p <0.05). The results of this study are a starting point in larger research aimed to give new insight into the biological history of human populations in Romanian territory.