The issue of philosophical and anthropological foundations of economic theory is one of the most important issues of modern social philosophy. Since the humanity exists, people have been constantly asking themselves what it means to be a human being and what should be his attitude to the world around him. Society is a collection of people united at a certain stage of historical development by those or other economic relationships that determine all social relationships. A human being never exists as an agent of economic activity in pure form. He or she is always immersed in the environment of the culture that brought him up, and in the corresponding subcultures (family, the nearest social environment, education, individual worldview). In this regard, the broader and empirical concept of Homo economicus as a psychological image of a person in economic science may turn out to be relevant, as it not only makes it possible to shed light on the hidden aspects of economic activity, but also allows the researcher not to break away from the economic realities available to immediate observation.