Analysis of the determinants of life expectancy at birth evolution in Romania (1990-2018). For Romania, the year 1990 constituted a turning point in the evolution of one of the most illustrative indicators of quality of life: life expectancy at birth. From the stagnation that characterized the last part of the communist period, in the first phase, the deterioration of living conditions, transposed in the decline of this indicator, especially in the rural environment and for the male gender. Starting with 2000, however, there is a continuous recovery, an expression of the improvement of the standard of living but also of some behavioral changes. In this context we can legitimately ask ourselves what were the determining factors of this evolution and to what extent each one intervened. The identification in the specialized literature of a number of 8 factors and the creation of a related database allowed, through linear regression and multiple regression, to establish a possible answer. The evolution of life expectancy at birth in territorial profile and its correlation with the distribution of the main causes of death were analyzed. It was observed the persistence of regional disparities but also the change of the weight of some explanatory factors. These developments can be accounted for by the unequal adaptation to the new context imposed by the transition to the market economy, especially benefiting the cities with a strong medical infrastructure.