The present article analyzes the concepts and visions on Soviet childhood that served as theoretical support for policies towards childhood and children in the Soviet Union. The author notes that the ideological concept of childhood in the Moldovan SSR was in line with the ideas and theses established in the Soviet Union. Soviet childhood was perceived as a nursery for the formation of the “new man”, the “Homo Sovieticus”. At the ideological level, the idea of implementing the way of life of mature communists in childhood was propagated by creating communist institutions and organizations for children. Life in communism was imitated in children’s and youth organizations. In this way, the children were prepared for the “great” deeds of building communism. Every child had to possess personal communist qualities, to be wholeheartedly dedicated to the ideological cause. According to Soviet pedagogical concepts, childhood had to take place within the communist ideological, institutional and political framework, the family had to support communist education, and religion had to be excluded from children’s lives. The ultimate goal of ideological and propagandistic efforts was to transform the Soviet child into a “Homo Sovieticus” – a new identity imposed on all citizens of the Soviet Union.