"The nation can not be separated from its substrate ethnic population which consists of her racial features specific hereditary mass physical and mental attributes that do not belong to men." (Dm. taste).In this study we aimed to analyze the social structure of Bessarabia in the period of 1918-1940. We will also address the issue tangentially and the quality of life and schooling, educational institutions functioning. As an empirical material we used census data from Romania from December 29, 1930, Moldovan National Archives data, some results of agricultural the questionnaire conducted during 19301938 and results of sociological survey effectuated in the summer of 1938 led by student teams of St. Gusti conducted in 60 rural localities of Romania, including 10 villages in Bessarabia.