In the article were analyze the economic and demographic processes on the Jewish community from Bessarabia. Toward to the end of the 19th century – the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of Bessarabia became one of the four European provinces of the Russian Empire with a large  Jewish population – 12.1%. The basic occupation of the Bessarabian Jews were the crafts (making clothing and footwear, metal processing, wood processing, etc.) and trade (in some branches, such as the sale of clothes and grains, Jewish held a monopoly). The economy of Bessarabia progressed largely due to Jewish activity. The Jewish community grew demographically due to the natural increase, but also because of immigration to Bessarabia from other region of the Russian Empire. Were analyzed the stages of emigration of the Jewish population from the territory of Bessarabia. Following the pogroms that took place in the center of Chisinau in 1903 and 1905, the number of Jewish population has considerably diminished because of the intensification of emigration processes from Bessarabian Jews to the USA, the Western European countries and the Palestinian Region.