Background: The study of sources of scientific literature has shown that a number of questionss with respect to a comprehensive study of the adjacent organs and structures, which consist of the oesophagus, trachea, and vagus nerves, has not been studied, and for some of them there is fragmentary and controversial. Investigation of the features of organogenesis and the topography of the fetus acquires the currently substantial clinical significance due to the introduction of ultrasound, computer and magnetic resonance imaging of its development, prenatal diagnosis of deviations from the normal ontogenesis. Material and methods: The study was carried out on 24 fetuses of humans of 81,5-185,0 mm of parieto-coccygeal length (PCL), by methods of fine preparation under control of microscope MBC-10, microscopy of serial of consecutive histological and topographo-anatomical sections and morphometry. The data obtained were processed statistically. Results: At the beginning of the fetal period there is continuation of the formation of structure and topography of esophagus and its relationship with related organs and structures. Increasing of oesophageal length is more clear differentiation of the layers of its wall forming distinct anatomical narrowing of organ. Topographo-anatomical relationship of oesophagus within the superior and posterior inferior mediastinum is definitive. Conclusions: 1. At the beginning of the fetal period of development (fetuses of 81,0-185,0 mm (PCL) within the upper and lower posterior mediastinum are established close anatomical relationship of the oesophagus to the adjacent organs: the structures (vagus nerve, trachea, main bronchus, arch and thoracic aorta). 2. In the studied fetuses circular muscle layer prevails over the thickness of the longitudinal muscle layer of the oesophagus, especially at the level of anatomical narrowings.