In the agriculture of the Republic of Moldova, maize and sorghum are grown as food, technical and fodder crops. Maize and sorghum are among the major grain crops of the world, and the climate and the soil of our country are sufficiently favorable for their cultivation, thus they have high agrobiological advantages and economic efficiency. Difficulties occur annually, affecting the yields of maize and sorghum, which are frequently compromised because of the invasive impact of the common and specific pathogenic diseases, caused by environmental factors, non-compliance with cultivation techniques and the sensitivity of the cultivated hybrids and varieties. In this context, significant phytosanitary research was carried out at the "Alexandru Ciubotaru" National Botanical Garden (Institute), on maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorgum almum Parodi.) plants, grown in experimental sectors, where a range of diseases caused by pathogens was detected in plants in the phase of 3-6 leaves before harvest. The weather conditions recorded in 2020-2022, characterized by instability and frequent deviations from the norm, caused the symptomatic development of 8 specific diseases in both corn and sorghum plants. According to the values of the frequency and intensity of the diseases, the plants were mostly affected by helminthosporiosis, bacterial leaf spot, root rot, dry rot of stems and cobs, common smut and panicle and ear smut and fusarium root, stem and caryopsis rot. Sorghum was mostly affected by helminthosporiosis or leaf blight, caused by Helminthosporium turcicum, which invasively attacked the leaves and stems, and maize – by different types of smut, fusariosis and ear dry rot. The pathological impact was diverse, decreasing the productivity of green mass and seeds, the germination capacity of caryopses and causing toxicity of fodder for animals.