Topological defects such as vortices and phase slips in a superconductor system manifest spatial patterns and dynamics that are closely associated with the geometric design in curved micro- and nanostructures of superconductors [1]. We report on a topological transition between superconducting vortices and phase slips under a strong transport current in an open superconductor nanotube with a submicron-scale inhomogeneity of the normal-to-the-surface component of the applied magnetic field [2]. When the magnetic field is orthogonal to the axis of the nanotube, which carries the transport current in the azimuthal direction, the phase-slip regime is characterized by the vortex/antivortex lifetime ∼ 10−14 s versus the vortex lifetime ∼ 10−11 s for vortex chains in the half-tubes, and the induced voltage shows a pulse as a function of the magnetic field. This non-monotonous behavior is attributed to the occurrence of a phase-slip area. The topological transition between the vortex-chain and phase-slip regimes determines the magnetic-field–voltage and current–voltage characteristics of curved superconductor nanomembranes to pursue high-performance applications in advanced electronics (e.g., as novel superconductor switching-based detectors).