Botanical researches in pastures from the Cahul and Cantemir districts carried out in 20132014 have led to the discovery of a genus and new species for the spontaneous flora of the Republic of Moldova, belonging to family Poaceae – genus Taeniatherum Nevski, species T. caput-medusae (L.) Nevski (syn.: Elymus caput-medusae L., Hordeum asperum (Simonkai) Degen, H. crinitum (Schreber) Desf., Taeniatherum asperum (Simonkai) Nevski, T. crinitum (Schreber) Nevski). The species is annual, therophytic, pontic mediterranian, it is characteristic for dry, ruderalised pastures and rocky places, it occurs in the neighboring countries – Romania and Ukraine [1, 2, 3, 4]. Within the research area, it has been identified in cliffy slopes or plateaus in five localities: Larga Noua, Doina, Andrusul de Jos (the Cahul district), Capaclia, Cisla (the Cantemir district). The species occurs sporadically or it forms small phytocoenosis with coverage of 50-100%. In floristic composition of phytocoenosis dominated by this species occurs also: Medicago minima, Poa angustifolia, Galium humifusum, Botriochloa ischaemum, Bromus arvensis, Lapulla squarrosa, Erodium cicutarium, Lepidium campestre, Plantago lanceolata. Validity of the species discovery was confirmed by the specialists from the Botanical Garden (I) of the Academy of Sciencies of Moldova and the Moldova State University. The species can be consulted in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden (I) of the Academy of Sciencies of Moldova.