The various fields of economy require new bioproducts, which production technologies have to be elaborated and developed. The detailed investigation of nanoparticles effect on growth and metabolism of biotechnological important yeasts strains is particularly important, in this connection. The properties of nanoparticles could be magnetic, bactericidal and catalytic depending on metals. Thus, these are facts that determine the importance to evidentiate the effect of nanoparticles on selected yeast strains with the aim to elaborate modern technologies with different destination. The problem of considerable scientific importance consist in the revealing of some Saccharomyces and Rhodotorula yeast strains response to nanoparticles TiO2, ZnO (10 and 30 nm), Fe3O4 (10 and 30 nm), ZnO/MgO according to the nanostructure, dimension, concentration and preferential form selection for the process control of biosynthesis of bioactive principles of biotechnological importance. The effectuated studies indicated that nanoparticles TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4 and ZnO/MgO did not modify significantly process of cell reproduction, but, concurrently, induced transformations in the process of synthesis of intracellular components at Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-18, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y- 20 and Rhodotorula gracilis CNMN-Y-30 yeast strains. The effect of investigated nanoparticles on biosynthetic processes at Saccharomyces and Rhodotorula yeasts manifests depending on composition, dimension and concentration. The benefic action of TiO2 nanoparticles in concentration of 5, 10 and 15 mg/L on carbohydrates and mannoproteins accumulation at Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-18 has been established, however the similar effect was not observed at the study of biomass production and protein synthesis. Nanoparticles ZnO with dimension 30 nm in concentration of 5, 10 and 15 mg/L possessed the capacity to stimulate the biosynthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, β-glucans and contributed to the decrease in biomass accumulation after 120 hours of cultivation, as opposed to nanoparticles with dimension of 10 nm. The pigmented yeast strain Rhodotorula gracilis CNMN-Y-30 has been demonstrated adaptive response to the action of nanoparticles Fe3O4 with dimensions of 10 and 30 nm evidenced by the decrease of carotenoid content and catalase activity, at the same time, nanoparticles Fe3O4 with dimensions of 30 nm have had stimulating effect towards protein and total carbohydrates synthesis. The study of effect of ZnO/MgO nanocomposite in selected concentrations has demonstrated that its utilization did not modify the content of cell wall components of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-18 yeast strain besides protein content that was decreased with 18–24%. Given the fact that adaptive reaction of studied yeast strains to nanoparticles was various, it can be mentioned that main factors forming cell response are: nanostructure, dimensions and concentration of metalic nanoparticles. The important indices of cell response are protein, carbohydrate content, including β-glucans and mannoproteins, content of carotenoids and activity of catalase antioxidant enzyme, also, index of oxidative stress. Thus, obtained results of determination of nanoparticles TiO2, ZnO, Fe3O4, ZnO/MgO rate of influence on biosynthetic processes at Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-18, Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNMN-Y-20 and Rhodotorula gracilis CNMN-Y-30 can be used for further research with the aim to modulate process of biosynthesis of bioactive principles of high biotechnological value.