It is shown how the representation about a species developed and realized throughout the last two centuries. At an early stage of development of biology the essence of a species was understood as something imperfect, therefore it was manifested variability in a species archetype. Variability of characters morpho-physiology in a species identified with the taxonomic distinctions. During this period of time in the biological science was generally accepted a ,,typological” understanding of a species in which the multiple of variations and forms were described. At the beginning of XX th century been formulated the concept about a biological species in which basis lies the reproductive generality of individuals and is peculiar to sexual reproduction. It meant that the species are made up of set of populations of the individuals which are connected among themselves by a casual exchange of genes as a result of cross-pollination. According to the biological concept of a species the complex hierarchy intraspecific taxonomy become outdated and lost sense. Thus, the population is the elementary form of collective existence of a species, certain „primary laboratory” in which the evolution process occurs.