In the article „J.J. Rouseeau’s conception of the relationship between science and morality” the philosopher’s view and attitude to progress in art and science is analysed. According to his ideas, science, arts and philosophy generate uncertainty, unhappiness and even a curtailment of human freedom. The progress of science and, in general, any form of human progress creates only the illusion of happiness and the illusion of knowledge, because each stage, in the evolution and social historical existence of man, is an ever increasing departure from the natural simplicity of his soul and consciousness. Thus every progress in man’s social state is also an increase of vices and, by implication, a turning away of man from true virtue. The philosopher promotes the idea of a return to nature, developing the profile of the „noble savage” or natural man. J.J. Rouseeau believes that the natural man was happy without thinking about happiness; free without making use of his freedom; independent, because he was deprived of all lasting relationships with his close relations; innocent, because of the absence of any moral conscience.