The present work presents the results of scientific research obtained over several years in the field of the development of the synthesis procedures of activated carbons from renewable autochthonous raw material, the application of these carbonic adsorbents in the processes of purification of waste water, potability of natural water, as well as for the detoxification of the human body. Activated carbons are carbon adsorbents, which have a developed porous structure obtained through different activation processes of carbonized and non-carbonized raw material as a result of chemical, physical-chemical and mixed treatment of the raw material. Activated carbons due to the increased amount of micropores and mesopores have a specific surface of up to 3000 m2/g. Due to this fact, they show properties to fix and retain on the surface and in the pores the organic substances from the solutions and the gases with which they come into contact. Carbonic adsorbents are used in large quantities in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical and petrochemical industries, for collective and individual protection equipment in industry and the military, for the purification of waste water and the potability of surface water. Activated carbons are also used in special biological purifications, in medicine for the detoxification of the human body, as well as catalysts in organic synthesis, creating a high vacuum, gas storage, etc. The chemical reactions that occur in the charring processes of the wood raw material are described, as well as in the synthesis processes of activated carbons through physicochemical, chemical and mixed processes. The mechanisms of immobilization of textile dyes from aqueous solutions on the surface of activated carbons, of the wastewater treatment phases from fabric dyeing enterprises, are also presented. The results of the research related to the use of carbonic adsorbents in the potable processes of surface and underground water are also highlighted. The work also contains experimental data regarding the processes of modifying the geometric surface of activated carbons and the mechanisms of immobilization of heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions. The results of the research aimed at the use of activated carbons as enterosorbents and hemosorbents for the detoxification of the human body, as well as the immobilization processes of bacteria and fungi in aqueous environments, are also elucidated.