One of the main components of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is to ensure “an adequate level of protection in the field for safe transfer, handling, and use of living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health, and specifically focusing on transboundary movements.” In a biosafety context, the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity is important for food security of humanity for future generations. Important part of the biological diversity, plant genetic resources (PGR), in the form of seeds and plant, are important reservoir of genetic diversity, including landraces, primitive cultivars, traditional varieties, wild and weedy relatives of crop plants.  It is widely recognize that PGR are in serious erosion and threatened by climate change, human activities, the substitution of traditional cultivars by high yield cultivars etc. In this point of view, it can be mentioned genetically modified crops (GM), that represent the product of genetic engineering, that offer new potential for higher yields, better quality traits and higher resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite these significant advances, there are some problems with the use of GM varieties such as: gene flow between GM and traditional varieties of the same crops; gene flow between GM varieties and crop wild relatives and weedy; spread of GM seed through commercial and local traditional seed system, as well as international exchange. This process will lead to the loss of valuable genes associated with local adaptation, stress tolerance, yield stability etc. A complimentary application of in situ and ex situ conservation is recommended for effective preservation of PGR.In the Republic of Moldova there are five holder institutions of ex situ collections: Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, through the Laboratory of RGV; Scientific-Practical Institute of Horticulture and Food Technologies; The Botanical Garden (Institute), Porumbeni Institute of Plant Growing and Selectia Research Institute of Field Crops. Ex situ collection of the PGR Laboratory, that is the main coordinator of conservation activities at the national level, is stored at medium-term conditions (+4°C) and cover almost crops cultivated in Moldova. The largest part of collection is presented by cereal crops such as wheat, maize, barley and triticale, vegetables such as tomatoes, chickpeas, soy beans, beans, and Vigna. These cultures are presented by varieties, hybrids, lines, mutants, local forms, etc. In situ conservation of PGRFA in the Republic of Moldova is being implemented especially, in protected natural areas. A special role in in situ conservation of PGRFA plays the scientific reserves like Codrii, Iagorlic, Prutul de Jos, Plaiul Fagului, and Pădurea Domnească. Various collecting missions are organized by the staff of scientific institutions.  Plant biotechnology applications must respond to increasing demands in terms of food security, socio-economic development and promote the conservation, diversification and sustainable use of plant genetic resources as basic inputs for the future agriculture.