Introduction. Rodents are the most widespread group of mammals and are important elements of terrestrial ecosystems, being the dominant vertebrate species in various types of ecosystems, especially in agricultural ones. Many rodent species are pests of agricultural crops, thus influencing the food supply of humans and domestic animals. In the central part of the Republic of Moldova and in Bacau County, Romania, the agricultural landscape occupies large surfaces. The aim of the study was to reveal the differences between the structure of small rodent communities in agrocenoses from central part of Moldova and Bacau district, Romania. Material and methods. The studies were conducted from 2009 to 2019 in several types of agricultural crops such as alfalfa, wheat, and corn, in the central part of the Republic of Moldova and Bacău County. The rodents were caught using snap traps and live traps, which were placed in lines at a distance of 5-8 meters from each other. Results. In both areas 14 rodent species were registered: Spermophilus citellus, Apodemus sylvaticus, A. flavicollis, A.uralensis, A. agrarius, Mus musculus, M. spicilegus, Rattus norvegicus, Mycromys minutus, Cricetulus migratorius, Microtus arvalis, M. subterraneus, Clethrionomys glareolus and Dryomys nitedula. The diversity of rodent fauna was higher in Bacau cultivated lands (11 species) in comparison to central Moldova agrocenoses (9 species). In crops from central Moldova the species S. citellus, R. norvegicus, M. minutus and M. subterraneus were not registered, while in Bacau crops the species A. uralensis, C. migratorius and D. nitedula weren’t recorded. In alfalfa crop the dominant species in both regions was the field vole, in wheat and corn A. sylvaticus was the dominant species in central Moldova and A. agrarius was dominant in Bacau County, due to more favorable humidity conditions. The European ground squirrel is a critically endangered species in the Republic of Moldova, while in Romania it is vulnerable, being rather spread in Bacau County. The brown rat was registered in low numbers in cultivated lands near villages. The presence of forest species M. subterraneus in Bacau crops was due to the proximity of natural forest ecosystems, which cover much larger areas in comparison to the central part of Moldova. The harvest mouse is a rare species in the Republic of Moldova [VU], although in the past century it was often found in haystacks. In central Moldova A. uralensis is rather spread in various types of agricultural ecosystems. C. migratorius was registered in corn crops, while in Romania it is a rare species [VU]. Although D. nitedula is a forest species, it was recorded in sectors with tree and bush vegetation at crop boundaries. Conclusions. In both areas, 14 rodent species were registered. The differences between the species diversity and composition can be explained by various microclimatic and environmental conditions. The occurrence of some rare species in Bacau crops indicate on better ecological conditions in the area. The high diversity of rodent species in agrocenoses is conditioned by favorable trophic conditions during the reproductive period.