Identity is a term frequently used in social sciences in debates about the genesis of modern societies. The multitude of approaches has generated controversy concerning the defining structures of collective identities and their manifestations in certain contexts. For the followers of the constructivist perspective, the identities are builts, fluids and multiples. These defining features are determined by the contemporary phenomenon of globalization. The study proposes another way to analyze the collective identities of the typical medieval Europe. It refers to the correlation between language, ethnicity, confession and civilization in order to identify the dominant components in the identity structure of a human group.