Topical review article on the situation in the sphere of conservation of plant agrobiodiversity in the Republic of Moldova. This article reviews the existing problems of in situ and ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. It states that the creation of special National Programme with the support from FAO is a prerequisite for target-driven work on the formation of the national basic collection, active collections of the main agricultural crops, field collections of fruit and berry crops and grapes, as well as duplicate collections. Introduction of the National Programme will promote the development of a single network of conservation and sustainable use of genetic resources, improve the collaborative engagement at the national level, and open prospects for a more active international cooperation.