The article is focused mainly on different aspects of adaptation and integration of Moldovan house-builders into the socio-cultural society of foreign countries. What is the process of socio - cultural adaptation and integration like, what are the conditions and challenges? A qualitative sociological research by means of profound individual interviews was conducted to achieve the pursued goal and to get the necessary information. 100 Moldovan labor migrants –builders were interviewed, who came back to the Republic of Moldova for Easter holiday in 2004. We have realized a comparative analysis “Russia – the countries of the European Union” to get a profound insight of the studied phenomena and processes. The results of the research showed that Moldovan labor migrant builders working abroad face a lot of problems, the resolution of which is connected with the activity of migrants themselves. The challenges of adaptation and integration into the target country are complex, many and varied. The processes of adaptation and integration are under the influence of different factors of a law, economic, political, socio-psychological and cultural character. The problems of social adaptation and integration of labor migrants into the labor society depend heavily on the migration policy of the target country. If a country treats a labor migrant as a temporary employee, a man-function, it dooms that person to a corresponding social behavior – labor migrant will behave as a temporary employee who does not strive for integration and cooperation with the target country. Current parameters on social adaptation and integration testify to the fact that it is more profitable, more appealing to work and live in the countries of the European Union than in Russia or other CIS countries. However, Russia is of great interest for Moldovan citizens who are involved in the process of international labor migration. Moreover, it will be of great interest for future Moldovan labor migrants because it has broader (in comparison with the West) possibilities of employment caused by visa-less regime, greater diversification of professions and fields of activity, the possibility to be employed as a high qualified employee in the sphere of intellectual labor, the diplomas are recognized, etc… At the same time we should mention that there are no real attempts from the side of Russia to change the present-day situation. While the countries of the European Union (first of all Italy, Portugal, Spain) are altering their migration policy trying to go away from forced prohibitive measures, to favor labor migrants whose presence allows the target country to solve different socially important problems. The conducted research shows that Moldovan state structures need new approaches to migration policy, the use of various mechanisms to protect labor migrants, to increase an appeal of the country and its labor market for Moldovan people. First of all, it concerns the youth who are in the mood to leave the country, to emigrate by means of long-term labor migration. Mass realization of similar popular migration strategies and purposes is fraught with serious threats to the national security of the Republic of Moldova. If we are able to answer the challenges of the time, to offer an appealing alternative of employment and life it means we will provide a decent state and human future of Moldova tomorrow.