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SM ISO690:2012 CASIAN, Iana. Interpretarea contractelor comerciale internaţionale
. In: Revista Moldovenească de Drept Internaţional şi Relaţii Internaţionale, 2011, nr. 4, pp. 66-73. ISSN 1857-1999. |
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Revista Moldovenească de Drept Internaţional şi Relaţii Internaţionale | ||||||
Numărul 4 / 2011 / ISSN 1857-1999 /ISSNe 2345-1963 | ||||||
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Pag. 66-73 | ||||||
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Interpretation of commercial agreements plays crucial role in the international trade. A contract shall be interpreted according to the common intention of the parties. If such an intention cannot be established, the contract shall be interpreted according to the meaning that reasonable persons of the same kind as the parties would give to it in the same circumstances.
The statements and other conduct of a party shall be interpreted according to that party‘s intention if the other party knew or could not have been unaware of that intention.
In interpretation of international commercial contract, regard shall be had to all the circumstances, including:
(a) preliminary negotiations between the parties;
(b) practices which the parties have established between themselves;
(c) the conduct of the parties subsequent to the conclusion of the contract;
(d) the nature and purpose of the contract;
(e) the meaning commonly given to terms and expressions in the trade concerned;
(f) usages.
Terms and expressions shall be interpreted in the light of the whole contract or statement in which they appear. Contract terms shall be interpreted so as to give effect to all the terms rather than to deprive some of them of effect. If contract terms supplied by one party are unclear, an interpretation against that party is preferred. Where a contract is drawn up in two or more language versions which are equally authoritative there is, in case of discrepancy between the versions, a preference for the interpretation according to a version in which the contract was originally drawn up.
In the common law system166, courts usually apply objective test to determine intentions of the parties. The standard by which their conduct is judged is not internal but external. In other words, the court will look at the outward appearance of agreement and will endorse what the parties objectively appear to have intended (a contract does not depend upon the state of the parties‘ minds). The meaning and the effect of the written agreement will be determined by the literal interpretation of the words. If the contract is unambiguous, the court will not even admit evidence of what the parties may have thought the meaning to be. |
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