Recently it has become clear that when describing the soil, it is also necessary to take into account its biological component [2, 4–5], including such a biological and environmental parameter as soil health. The term ―quality‖ of the soil is associated with its suitability for specific purposes, and the ―health‖ of the soil is associated with the performance of its ecosystem functions, which has a broader meaning than ―quality‖ [6, 7]. The aim of our research was a comparative study of the health of a typical black soil of the Republic of Moldova, which has been in agricultural use for a long time. The studies were carried out on the long-term (since 1995) experimental base of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and on the nearby (~ 100 m) forest strip of broad-leaved trees (Chisinau) during 2008 – 2018. Soil In the experimental plots, typical loamy chernozem. The humus content in the horizon of 0-60 cm is from 2.2 to 3.4%. The sites selected for the study were occupied by plants of two crop rotations of fodder crops in 3 variants: 1 – without fertilizers (control); 2 – mineral background (mineral fertilizers); 3 – organic background: manure. According to monitoring data, 2/3 of Moldovan soils have a negative humus balance and are characterized by insufficient nitrogen supply [8–10]. Regarding phosphorus and potassium C.L. Zagorcea [11] note that with a relatively high gross content of phosphorus and potassium, the number of their mobile forms is unsatisfactory for plants. According to D.S. Orlov [3], the average composition of humus in soils is C55-65N3.5-5.0O25-35N1-2,%. For the first time in the anthropogenic soils of Moldova, the quality and health of the soil were determined. It was established that the presence of nutrients in the studied chernozem does not satisfy the proportional ratios characterizing their combination in terms of humus content. Active (microbial) carbon, compared by analogs of indicator of Cornell University, USA [1], showed that they are characterized by values below the average. If, according to the named system, soils with satisfactory (poor) condition contain 284 ppm of active (microbial) carbon, with an average state of health – 601 ppm and with a very high state of health – 1197 ppm. It is obvious that most of the soils studied by this indicator, can be characterized as soils with poor health and only soil fertilized with manure and natural soil are characterized by a tendency to approach soils with average health. A comparative study of the diversity of micromycetes of a typical chernozem showed that the parallel coexistence of both phytopathogenic and suppressor forms is presented in different ratios. For example, in soil without fertilizers of the control variant, when detecting 17.73% of Fusarium fungi, Trichoderma 9.17% of suppressor fungi were found, and in the soil of the mineral background, suppressor fungi were not identified at all, despite the rather high occurrence of phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium (15.89%). Against the organic background, the presence of both representatives was more balanced, although in this case there were also less suppressor fungi Trichoderma: 3.95 and 4.08%, respectively, in the presence of 6.70-6.91% Fusarium fungi. Thus, the studied chernozem contains more phytopathogenic fungi of the genus Fusarium than representatives of the suppressor fungi of the genus Trichoderma. Their unequal ratios indicate an unhealthy development of soil microflora and poor health by this indicator of the soil as a whole. ―Father of medicine‖ Hippocrates said 2500 years ago that human health depends on soil health, so it is very important to take care of the health of agricultural soils. In other words, today it is incorrect to evaluate the properties of the soil only by the criteria of its fertility, the soil. Is deeply erroneous to ignore the biotic block of the soil, which determines the environment-forming functions of the soil ecosystem – its health [4, 5].