Energy supply is an important factor that determines the welfare of any country and people. Because of the depletion of fossil fuel reserves and the environmental impact caused by their extraction and use, such as pollution, habitat destruction and climate change, the use of renewable energy as a replacement for fossil fuel has been promoted recently both at international and national level. Energy crops are an alternative energy source with important environmental advantages over fossil fuels. The Republic of Moldova is still highly dependent on energy imports, and it is generally accepted that the implementation of renewable energy sources would improve its energy security. In recent years, researchers have studied the advantages and disadvantages of several energy crops as renewable energy sources. The biological peculiarities, the productivity, the biochemical composition and the environmental impact of several species of herbaceous plants, such as Inula helenium L., Sida hermaphrodita (L.) Rusby, Silphium perfoliatum L., Phalaris arundinacea L., Reynoutria sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Nakai, Miscanthus x giganteus J.M. Greef, Sorghum x almum Parodi, have been studied to determine the most promising ones as sources of biomass for energy production. Biomass is mostly used as solid fuel, being compressed into pellets. It may also be converted into biogas in anaerobic digesters, or liquid biofuel, such as bioethanol. Most energy crops are low-cost and low-maintenance. They grow fast and usually can be harvested several times per season. As, a rule they compete well with weeds and are not severely affected by pests, thus, they require little to no use of herbicides and pesticides, so, there is low risk of release of harmful substances into the environment. Most energy crops grow well on poor and even contaminated soil, where food or forage crops cannot be cultivated. Researchers have suggested that some energy crops are able to improve soil quality and can be used for phytoremediation. However, the impact of energy crops on biodiversity and soil erosion has been a subject of debate among scientists and probably more studies on such issues will be carried out. In general, herbaceous energy crops are considered a promising source of renewable energy for the Republic of Moldova, with mostly positive impact on the environment.