Introduction. Helicobacter pylori is one of the most widespread bacterial infection worldwide. It is a ubiquitous organism that is present in more than 50% of the global population and involves a high cost treatment for being eradicated. With the discovery of Helicobacter pylori infection, the causes, pathogenesis, and treatment of peptic ulcer disease have been rewritten. We focus on this revolution of understanding and management of peptic ulcer disease over the past 25 years. In spite of consistent advances, peptic ulcer remains a major clinical problem, largely because of the tremendous increase in use of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs. Aim of the study. To assess the relationship between peptic ulcer and Helicobacter pylori infection. Materials and methods. A retrospective study was carried out at Central Railway Hospital of the the Republic of Moldova, based on medical records of 130 patients who were diagnosed with peptic ulcer and who underwent treatment during the period of 2012 2017. Results. From 130 patients, 38 (29%) were females and 92 (71%) were males. Active Helicobacter pylori infe ction was documented in 83% of gastric ulcer patients and in 69% patients with duodenal ulcer. According to the duration of the disease 14 patients were primarily diagnosed. In 34 cases the duration was < 5 years, 16 patients with peptic ulcer were at 5 10 years duration, 58 were classified in the group over 10 years and 8 patients were diagnosed for over 20 years. Conclusions. Several socioeconomic factors have been associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Subjects with a low socioeconomic status, also regular smokers and drinkers were at higher risk.