Adequate and, to some extent, equivalent translation serves the idea of self-identification of the whole nation in the field of world literature and culture, transforming the modern national literary process into self-sufficient and capable of competition. Submission of translation activity by some standard rules that would regulate the text within a certain theory can deform the authentic picture of literary life in a specific historical time, distorting its internal development. The works of Romanian and Russian researchers present hypotheses about the specific approach to artistic translation, taking into account the theoretical achievements of national schools and trends. The article turns again to the idea that the practice of translation, in particular, the penetration into the laboratory of this process, will give a new impulse to theoretical research in the field of artistic translation.