Under current conditions of agricultural production associated with the global climate changes and significant anthropogenic impact on agrophytocenosis, the importance of using genotypes with the wide spectrum of adaptation potential increases. From this perspective, the point of real interest is the landraces of cultivated crops, which have been traditionally grown on farms and have undergone multiple cycles of artificial selection for productivity and resistance. The matters of inventorying and collecting of the plant genetic resources for food and agriculture constitute an important part of the gene bank activities. In this aspect, over the years the Laboratory of plant genetic resources conducts complex studies aimed at the evaluation of the current state of local plant landraces cultivated in all natural-climatic zones of the country. For this purpose, survey expeditions to rural settlements are performed along with GPS-positioning of farms, identification of the traditions and practices of cultivation of agricultural crops and collecting of accessions for their evaluation and long-term conservation in gene bank. As a result of conducted work, it was revealed that in spite of domination of modern cultivars and hybrids among the crops grown by farmers, there still remains a certain share of local landraces of different plant species. This is characteristic mainly for small farms and household plots, and the obtained products constitute an auxiliary (sometimes, essential) source of food welfare of population. Among the pulse crops, the most preferred are common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Other species of cultivated plants are less common and include chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), broad bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), grass pea (Lathyrus communis L.), common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and only rarely - lentil (Lens culinaris Medik), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Various species of the Tagetes genus are often grown for decorative purpose. Bean landraces, the seeds or beans of which are widely used for food, are notable for significant genetic diversity in shape, size and colour of the seeds, and manifestation of quantitative traits of productivity and resistance. Populations of landraces of different maize varieties are grown and maintained on some farms, and yankee maize forms are the most preferred for preparation of flour used to cook a traditional national dish mamaliga. It should be noted that the second half of the past century was marked by the severe genetic erosion of the landraces of agricultural crops. Due to the absence of special equipment for long-term conservation of the gene pool, a certain part of the germplasm was irretrievably lost and the other part was transferred to the collection of the Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry. Expeditionary material collected by us is subjected to field and laboratory evaluation, is registered and included in the national collection of the plant genetic resources of Moldova.