After the declaration of independence, Moldova for the moment is considered as one of the poorest countries in Europe. Children are the most vulnerable part of the population. The present work studied problems faced by children in difficult situations in the period in transition. The negative social phenomena of the transition period, especially poverty increasing, people migration, mono-parental families, unemployment, inadequate work conditions for women, drug using, commercial sex, vagabondage, economic and political instability – all have caused a grave demographical situation in the country. The described situation determines a high rate of women with unexpected pregnancies with an eventual risk of diverse complications during the pregnancy period. The number of abandoned children is higher at the category of very yang period – 0-4 days (36,9%). So, mothers, frequently confused, abandon their children just in the period they need care and love to create a sure connection and affection, which will constitute the foundation of all further child relations and will determine his development. The children abandon in medical perinatological institutions is determined by a complexity of social and economic factors. Main launched causes are determined by: material insufficiency, single mother, child’s health.