Survey of fungal diseases of tomato in greenhouses of R. Moldova and testing of streptomycetes as potential antifungal agents
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BURTSEVA, Svetlana, POIRAS, Nadejda, BYRSA, Maxim, IURCU-STRĂISTARU, Elena, SASANELLI, Nicola, POIRAS, Larisa. Survey of fungal diseases of tomato in greenhouses of R. Moldova and testing of streptomycetes as potential antifungal agents. In: Sustainable use and protection of animal world diversity:: International Symposium dedicated to 75th anniversary of Professor Andrei Munteanu , 30-31 octombrie 2014, Chișinău. Chisinau, Republica Moldova: Tipografia Academiei de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, 2014, pp. 123-125. ISBN 978-9975-62-379-7.
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Sustainable use and protection of animal world diversity: 2014
Simpozionul " Sustainable use and protection of animal world diversity: "
Chișinău, Moldova, 30-31 octombrie 2014

Survey of fungal diseases of tomato in greenhouses of R. Moldova and testing of streptomycetes as potential antifungal agents


Pag. 123-125

Burtseva Svetlana1, Poiras Nadejda2, Byrsa Maxim1, Iurcu-Străistaru Elena2, Sasanelli Nicola3, Poiras Larisa2
 
1 Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology of the ASM,
2 Institute of Zoology ASM,
3 Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection
 
 
Disponibil în IBN: 14 mai 2019


Rezumat

Phytopathologic inspection of tomato plants in the observed greenhouses of R.Moldova (districts Criuleni and Anenii-noi) were revealed the symptoms of fungal diseases on leaves, stems and fruits caused by phytopathogen phytophtora efestans (about 50% of ob served plants), Fulvia fulva (syn. Cladosporium fulvum) leaf mould (25%), septoria lycopersici leaf spot and severely infected leaves fall off but it doesn’t cause fruit spots or rot, however reduce plant vigour. Fungi alternaria solani induce a disease “early blight” of tomato  leaves that was revealed on plants during flowing. Septoria leaf spot disease was common on tomatoes under humid conditions.The bacterial wilt caused by Corgnebacterium michiganense was detected on separate tomato plants in flowering period as well as excess moisture from single plants (2-3%) with disease Fusarium wilt. One of the important tasks in agriculture and sustainable food security is to identify compounds with antifungal properties that reduce soil pollutions. various microbial antagonists have been investigated as potential biocontrol agents capable suppress the growth of phytopathogenic fungi. Many species of actinomycetes, especially those belonging to the genus streptomyces (gram-positive, mycelia forming soil bacteria), are well known as biocontrol agents that inhibit several soilborne and airborne phytopathogenic fungi (Augustine et al., 2005; Og et al., 2008; Silva Sousa et al., 2008 etc). It is well known that streptomycetes can produce industrially useful compounds such as wide spectrum of antibiotics and secondary metabolites that is further screened for new bioactive compounds. The antagonistic activities of streptomycetes to fungal pathogens are usually related to the production of antifungal compounds (el-Tarabily et al., 2000; Augustine et al., 2005; el-Tarabily, 2006; Pohanka, 2006 etc). Some actinomycetes can protect roots by inhibiting the development of potential fungal pathogens by producing enzymes, which degrade the fungal cell wall or produce antifungal compounds (goodfellow and williams, 1983). Soilborne fungal pathogens especially Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici (Fusarium wilt), Fusarium solani (Fusarium root rot) and verticillum albo-atrum (verticillium wilt) are highly destructive pathogens of greenhouse tomatoes caused by wilted plants, yellowed leaves and minimal crop yields. Soilborne fungal pathogens survive in soil as saprobes on host plant debris or on other types of organic matter. Many of these fungi produce resilient survival structures that can withstand low or high temperature extremes, dry conditions and periods when no suitable host is present (koike S. et al., 2003). During ripening was identified the disease black Blight (3-5%) caused by infection on fruits and stalks, and even on the cotyledons, which appears as elongated convex black spots of irregular shape, rounded white border. This reduces the pathogen commodity fruit quality and seed germination. The disease manifests itself in the period of ripening, especially in high humidity and temperature of the soil and air. Thus the composition of the causative diseases on tomatoes in greenhouses requires a thorough complex of phytosanitary measures on the basis of agrotechnical one, with elements of biological and chemical control. In greenhouses of R. Moldova was revealed around 20-50% damage of tomatoes induced by fungal diseases. It was detected the severe damage of leaves, stems and fruits of tomatoes caused by phytopathogens. Application of agrotehnical and biological approaches enable to decrease the qualitative and quantitative reduction of vegetable crop losses, obtaining the environmentally friendly production and maintain the soil health. Application of the microbial products based on streptomycetes as regulators of plant growth, stimulation of seed germination, root formation, increase quality-quantitative yields of greenhouse plants and reduces severity of pathogenic organisms. negative impact of the different phytopathogens on the tomato plants in the greenhouses requires the development of integrated protection of vegetable crops including new biological active substances to reduce the qualitative-quantitative damages caused by phytopathogens and further inclusion of these approaches in the Integrated Protection of greenhouse crops reducing also the level of environmental contamination. According to the purpose of present study was to identify the antifungal effects of certain strains of streptomyces exometabolites isolated from soil R. Moldova (national Collection of non-pathogenic microorganisms Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology of ASM). Studied strains of streptomycetes differently delayed growth plant pathogens. Thus, the growth of alternaria alternata most active s.sp. 9, 12, 17, 33 and especially s.sp. 37 that was a complete inhibited growth of the test fungus. Further according to the degree of activity mentioned s.sp. 9, 12, 17 and 66, which caused the appearance of the metabolites zones of phytopathogen growth delay of 25 to 28 mm. For botrytis cinerea the active antagonistic strains were streptomyces sp. 9, s.sp. 17, s.sp. 12, s.sp. 37 (Table 1, Fig. 1), for alternaria alternata – the high or complete suppression growth showed by s.sp. 9,  s.sp.  12, s.sp. 17, s.sp. 37 and the metabolites of streptomycetes elicited growth inhibition zone diameter of 22 to 29 mm till complete suppression of growth. growths of pathogenic strains Fusarium-group (F. graminearum, F. oxysporum) were depressed by streptomyces sp.9 and test-culture F. graminearum were depressed by s.sp.9,  s.sp 17, s.sp. 37 (23 – 28 mm) and the growth of F. oxysporum strain delayed only streptomyces sp. 9 (zone up to 34 mm). In rh.solani under the influence of metabolites of the strain growth observed only s. sp.9. Monitoring of phytopathogenic situations of fungal diseases of tomato plants have been done in greenhouses of central regions of R.Moldova. Antifungal activities of streptomycetes from the National Collection of Nonpathogenic Organisms IMB ASM were tested on alternaria alternata, botrytis cinerea, Fuzarium solani, rhizoctonia solani, and thielaviopsis basicola. Full depression has been showed by s. sp. 9, s. sp. 17, s. sp. 37 for alternaria alternate and botrytis cinerea, partly Fusarium graminearum. Implementation and application of biological control against fungal phytopathogens and some compliance elements of agrotechnology reduce the qualitative-quantitative damages and further inclusion these approaches in the Integrated Protection of greenhouse crops for diminution also the level of environmental contamination. acknowledgement. The research was undertaken within the framework of a bilateral project between CNR (Italy) and IZ ASM (R. Moldova) (2014-2015) and project STCU 5948.