Environmental health and microbial biotechnology
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2020-12-16 16:08
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AGAPI, Ion. Environmental health and microbial biotechnology. In: Microbial Biotechnology, 12-13 octombrie 2016, Chișinău. Chișinău, Republica Moldova: Institutul de Microbiologie şi Biotehnologie, 2016, Ediția 3, pp. 114-115.
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Microbial Biotechnology
Ediția 3, 2016
Conferința "Microbial Biotechnology"
Chișinău, Moldova, 12-13 octombrie 2016

Environmental health and microbial biotechnology


Pag. 114-115

Agapi Ion
 
Botanical Garden (Institute) of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova
 
Disponibil în IBN: 14 martie 2019



Teza

Environmental biotechnology is the application of biotechnology to the study of natural environment. Biotechnology is producing great opportunities for the increase in global agricultural production and for protecting the environment through the reduced use of agrochemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. Biotechnology has played an important role towards the attainment of environmental sustainability by using environment-friendly crops such as insect-resistant, herbicide-tolerant species and crops that can fix nitrogen leading to purification of the environment. With recent advances in biology, materials, computing, and engineering, environmental biotechnologists now are able to use microbial communities for a wealth of services to society. These include detoxifying contaminated water, wastewater, sludge, sediment, or soil; capturing renewable energy from biomass; sensing contaminants or pathogens; and protecting the public from dangerous exposure to pathogens. Now increasing attention has been paid to the development of sustainable agriculture in which the high productivities of plants and animals are ensured using their natural adaptive potentials, with a minimal disturbance of the environment. The most promising strategy to reach this goal is to substitute hazardous agrochemicals (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) with environment-friendly preparations of symbiotic microbes, which could improve the nutrition of crops, as well as their protection from biotic – pathogens, pests and abiotic, including pollution and climatic change. Therefore, agricultural microbiology is the present paramount research field responsible for the transfer of knowledge from general microbiology and microbial ecology to the agricultural biotechnologies. The aim of our research is focussed on plants, but also emphasises the importance of micro-organisms in relation to agriculture and environmental health and to the biocontrol of phytophagans. Since the interactions between microbial communities and crops are influenced by diverse ecological factors and agronomic managements, the impact of environmental stress factors must be considered, particularly in the current scenario of global change, as they affect a proper management of the crop-microbiome interactions. The broad application of microbes in sustainable agriculture is due to the genetic dependency of plants on the beneficial functions provided by symbiotic cohabitants. The agronomic potential of plant–microbial symbioses proceeds from the analysis of their ecological impacts, which have been best studied for N2 fixing. The research has been based on applied co-evolutionary study, addressing the ecological and molecular mechanisms for mutual adaptation and parallel speciation of plant and microbial partners. Therefore, microbial biotechnology and its applications in sustainable development of agriculture and environmental health are getting better attention. An increased knowledge of microbe-based symbioses in plants could provide effective ways of developing sustainable agriculture in order to ensure human and animal food production with a minimal disturbance of the environment. The effective management of symbiotic microbial communities is possible using molecular approaches based on the continuity of microbial pools which are circulating regularly be tween soil-, plant- and animal-provided niches in natural and agricultural ecosystems; analysis of this circulation could enable the creation of highly productive microbe-based sustainable agricultural system, whilst addressing the ecological and genetic consequences of the broad application of microbes in agricultural practice. The way these concerns about application of biotechnology to achieving a safe environment and agriculture are addressed will have a remarkable impact on the future of biotechnology.