Lead: exposure assessment of human health in Moldova
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JARDAN, Elena, OPOPOL, Nicolae. Lead: exposure assessment of human health in Moldova. In: Ecological and environmental chemistry : - 2017, Ed. 6, 2-3 martie 2017, Chișinău. Chisinau, Republic of Moldova: Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 2017, Ediția 6, pp. 84-86.
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Ecological and environmental chemistry
Ediția 6, 2017
Conferința "Ecological and environmental chemistry 2017"
6, Chișinău, Moldova, 2-3 martie 2017

Lead: exposure assessment of human health in Moldova


Pag. 84-86

Jardan Elena1, Opopol Nicolae2
 
1 National Center of Public Health,
2 ”Nicolae Testemițanu” State University of Medicine and Pharmacy
 
Disponibil în IBN: 8 martie 2019


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Introduction Lead is a ubiquitous chemical element and dangerous effects on the human organism are known for several decades. Exposure of lead compounds on adults and children cause the neurological, renal, hematologic, cardiovascular, immunological, reproductive and developmental effects. [7, 8] During 64-th Assembly of the World Health Organization, held in May 2016 was emphased the impact of lead on human health which is responsible for 9.8% of mental fatigue cases, 4% heart disease and 4.6% cases of stroke. [12, 13]. It was greeted initiative of the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lead Paint jointly with the World Health Organization encouraged Member States to organize information campaigns on preventing lead poisoning at national level. In Moldova, the fourth consecutive year, International lead poisoning prevention week of action was organized during the last week of October with slogan” Prevention of lead exposure”. Risk assessment and exposure analysis requires the organization of biomonitoring program and blood is biomarker selected. Due to public health regulations and recommendations updated lately from international authorities it was gradually decreased blood lead levels. However, as a result of millions blood samples investigation was determined 5 mg / dL "level of concern”. [9, 12] The purpose of this paper is to assess the exposure on lead compounds from the environmental factors (soil, food) and thei impact on human health. Materials and methods It was selected contaminated sites with lead compounds from Chisinau city. From those areas were collected soil samples. According to place of residence were selected adults of working age living in that regions. Biological samples were gathered from both men and women. Metal analysis was performed in a laboratory in Bucharest, Rumania. Lead analysis was done by spectrometric method with atomic absorption. The quality of tests was monitored due to a program of internal and external management control. Data were subjected to processing descriptive statistics in order to establish the blood lead level of the Moldovan population. Results and discussions Soils, agricultural products polluted with lead and lifestyle justify the organizing and conducting assessment of population exposure to lead compounds. [2]. To assess the exposure of population in working age were collected and investigated for lead soil and blood samples. The results were analyzed according to age (18-52 years), occupation, place of residence (5 contaminated sites) and gender which constitutes 70% male and 30% - women. The average age (M) is 32 years for male and 28 - women. There was established an invers correlation, even donor age is older the blood lead level is below. In our case, blood lead levels were higher between ages 18-30rd. The highest blood lead level in this age group was assigned the metal accumulation in the body throughout life and environmental/professional exposure. Variations in the blood lead level depend on several factors: age, body mass index, hematocrit stage, menopausal status and place of birth. Because the cation is transported by red blood cells, hematocrit level affects blood lead levels which explain why the level of lead in the blood is higher in men than in women. [5, 6, 10] The preliminary results obtained shows that the average content of lead is 0,1μg / - 2552 g / dL (mean 0.253 mg / dL). This speaks of population exposure to lead as a particular concern to public health. Increasing the blood lead level has a significant link to the concentration in soil and vegetal origin food products. It is known that lead releases into atmosphere as an aerosol that contaminated environment, soil, plants and other organisms - that define the hazardous character. If researches from 90s showed that almost no high content of lead in Chisinau soils, then research after 1990 - to 2008 shows a growth. [1, 4] In order to determine the lead content in the soil, were collected somples of 0.5, 1, 5, 20 and 50 m distance from the pollution source at a depth of 0-25 cm. Samples were collected according the method of "envelope". An average sample of the mixture was obtained by five separate samples of the same amount and placed in special bags. [3]. A total of 54 soil samples were combined, including 10 from control area. The most current data on lead levels in soil shows that pollution occurs with a lead concentration of 34.08 mg/kg in the residential area, 27.27 mg/kg - road artery (maximum admisible value-20 mg/kg), 46.0 mg/kg - industrial area (maximum admisible value-32 mg/kg) and 26.62 mg/kg – green spaces (control). In all sites, the sample values indicate a high level of lead in soil compared to maximum admisible concentration for soils in Moldova. It has been found that there is a difference between lead content in green and industrial area soils. This explains that exist sources of lead pollution in those contaminated sites. Food consumption was identified as the primary route of exposure to toxic metal representing more than 90% compared with other routes of exposure, such as inhalation or skin contact. [11]. It was calculated potential risk and daily exposure to lead in population of population from Chisinau city. According to preliminary data, it was shown that the use of daily products that not exceed the allowable norms indicates the summary accumulation dose of daily lead in body can achieve 0.27 mg/kg, and 0,004 lead incorporating values reported in mg/kg/day/kg body weight. Some research in these area shows that even in the daily diet is used complyed foods, xenobiotic content in blood is able to cause defects in homeostatic reactions over 7-8 days [4, 10, 11]. Conclusions 1. For the first time was obtained information about general exposure to lead compounds. 2. It was achieved a preliminary estimation of blood lead level in population aged between 18-54 years who currently live in Chisinau city. 3. The results can serve as a basis for the bio-monitoring program to identify biomarkers exposure which affects blood lead levels and vulnerable population, as childrens. 4. There were identifyied external factors that significantly increase the blood lead level such as tobacco, consumption of drinks (wine, coffee and tea), vegetables and other activities. 5. They were acquired information on lead content in biological substrates and allow supposing that lead possess sufficient information and can be used as a specific marker based on ability to accumulate in human body.