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902/903.25(4+478) (1) |
Preistorie. Vestigii preistorice, artefacte, antichități (254) |
SM ISO690:2012 POSTICĂ, Gheorghe, TENTIUC, Ion. Amulete-călăreți de bronz din perioada medievală timpurie în spațiul Carpato-Nistrean. In: Tyragetia. Serie nouă, 2014, nr. 1(23), pp. 45-72. ISSN 1857-0240. |
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Tyragetia. Serie nouă | ||||||
Numărul 1(23) / 2014 / ISSN 1857-0240 /ISSNe 2537-6330 | ||||||
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CZU: 902/903.25(4+478) | ||||||
Pag. 45-72 | ||||||
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Among the materials related to the early Middle Ages in the Carpathian-Dniester region, which have been discovered during archaeological excavations and reconnaissance, as well as among chance finds there are bronze amulets depicting a rider on a horse. The area of distribution of these bronze figures of riders includes extensive regions, starting from the North Caucasus and the middle reaches of the Don in the East to Central and South-Eastern
Europe in the West. Most of the finds were discovered in the south of Russia, in Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Serbia and Hungary. On the territory of the Prut-Dniester region (Republic of Moldova and Ukraine) it was found 24 bronze figures of riders (see fig. 1) belonging to different typological models. They were found in the following settlements: Hansca (Ialoveni District) – 3 fi gures, Păhărniceni-Petruha – 2 objects, Lucăşeuca and Furceni (Orhei District), Ocniţa (Ocniţa district), Briceni – 2 objects, Caracușenii Noi (Briceni District), Popeștii de Sus (Drochia District), Tătărăuca Veche – 2 objects, Balinți and Inundeni (Soroca District), Tarasova (Rezina District), Rezeni (Ialoveni District),
Porumbrei and Schinoşica (Cimişlia District), Enichioi (Cantemir District), Dezghingea and Capaclia (Gagauzia) and Bolgrad (Odessa region) (see fig. 1). Seven bronze figures, presented at «Violity» Auction end Antiques in Kiev, may also be originated from the Prut-Dniester region (see fig. 6/1-6). Analysis of bronze figures from this region allowed us to identify four types of objects. The first type, or the Hansca I type, includes 7 amulets (see fig. 2/1-2; 3/1-5, 7). All figures, but one, were found in the Prut-Dniester interfluve. They depict a rider sitting on a small horse saddled, turning to the left. The rider is depicted in profi le. The position of his feet indicates the presence of stirrups. Rider is shod in boots (?) with an upturned toe; his legs touch
the front and hind legs of the horse. In his right hand he holds the reins, and in the left hand, strongly bent at the elbow and pressed against his chest, he holds a short knife or dagger. The upper part of the figure (a horseman’s head) has a through hole for hanging. In our opinion, the relative chronology of this type of bronze fi gures of horsemen (Hansca I type), which have no analogues in other regions, may cover a period of the 10th - 13th centuries, and
absolute dating is the 10th - 11th centuries. The second type (the Hansca II type) includes 15 riders’ figures (see fig. 4/1-2; 5/1-12). They depict a horse and rider. The rider’s body is turned to the left; he is shown from the front. His both hands are holding a long, slightly curved saber. The rider is shod in short shoes, which does not touch the horse’s legs, as in the figures of the fist
type. Amulets of this type have analogies in Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia and other countries. They belong to the 10th - 11th centuries and, quite possibly, to the beginning of the 12th century.
The last two types of bronze figures (the Hansca III and Bolgrad IV types) are unique in style. The fi gure relating to the Hansca III type (fig. 6/7) shows a rider turned to the left; it is a schematic image. At the front of the horse there is a tamga in the form of a petal and at the back of the horse there is the same tamga in the form of a drop (?). The bronze figure found in Bolgrad (the Bolgrad IV type) (fi g. 6/8) depicts a rider turned to the right. In his left hand he holds the reins and in his right hand he holds perhaps hunting eagle. These bronze figures have no direct analogies.
The authors attribute the appearance of these categories of objects in the regions east of the Carpathians to the penetration of various groups of the Alanian population in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium and the first centuries of the 2nd millennium AD. Their presence north of the mouth of the Lower Danube is evidenced by written sources and place names.
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