Background: From the perspective of the role of cyclical fluctuations of reproductive hormones in the mechanism of premenstrual symptoms, the present study investigated the concentration of reproductive hormones in the serum. Material and methods: 272 women (136 with moderate/severe premenstrual symptoms and 136 with mild symptoms,with age 18-43 years have been examined. We have used Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) to determine premenstrual symptoms and their intensity.Determination of hormone levels was performed in the follicular phase (day 3-5) – FSH, LH, estradiol and progesterone and in the luteal phase (a 21 to 23 day) – FSH, LH, progesterone, estradiol and testosterone. Results: The obtained outcomes indicated the score of MDQ markedly increased in patients with moderate/severe premenstrual symptoms. Evaluated serum concentration of reproductive hormones showed that it did not exceed normal limits, but were determined certain peculiarities and differences in the study groups. In the luteal phase, estradiol level differed from the research group – 174.73 ± 7.73 pg/ml compared with the control group 140.72 ± 3.96 pg/ml (p < 0.001), as a result there is marked estradiol withdrawal in the luteal phase. Conclusions: During premenstrual phase occurs hormonal (estrogen/progesterone)imbalance with high level of estrogen. In patients with PMS level of estrogen in the luteal phase is higher (p < 0.001) compared with controls. High value of estradiol in the luteal phase causes marked estradiol withdrawal, thus triggering neuroendocrine mechanisms manifested by clinical symptoms.