The article deals with the relations between the Republic of Moldova and Russian Federation. In different historical periods in the relations of the states it can be traced as a clash of opposing views and opinions, and the search for mutually acceptable solutions. Both countries have experienced the change of political leadership and rethink many aspects of bilateral relations. As a result, it was realized the importance of a strategic partnership in the modern world. The authors focus attention on issues of bilateral relation of states (Transnistrian conflict, the withdrawal of Russian troops from the territory of the Republic of Moldova and legal justification in Russia’s position of these issues). The article analyzes interesting facts and events in political point of view, in particular, it examines the Moldovan-Russian relations in the context of the relations of the key political players: the United States, the EU, the UN, NATO and the OSCE.