This article presents the scientific achievements in the field of optimization of the epidemiological surveillance and control of infectious diseases made in the Departments of Epidemiology and Microbiology of Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, the centres “Control of Viral Diseases,” “Specific Prevention” and “Epidemiology of Highly Contagious Diseases and Biological Security” of the National Centre of Public Health in the last five years as well as the main directions of the research in optimizing the current epidemiological surveillance and control of diseases in the Republic of Moldova from congress to congress (2008-2013), such as: the study of the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases with the introduction of a supervision and control system, adequate to that of infectious diseases; the actual continuing problem of the population’s vaccination shortage; the improved surveillance and control of the associated infections as today’s priority of epidemiology; the lack of the econometric studies of the epidemiological activities. The studies of the cost and profit should be not less than a common thing in the epidemiological work; the studies to determine the evolution of emerging infections as a real base of infectious diseases in human pathology becoming more modern; the study of the fauna of the Republic of Moldova, having as its aim the presence of the sources and vectors of haematofags as a storage of causal agents of infectious diseases with natural outbreaks, including the new ones.